**Background of 19th Century Italian Workers’ Societies
During the second half of the 19th century, “friendly societies” flourished in Italy (especially in Central and Northern Italy). These were workers’ societies and provided support to their members in the form of education, mutual aid, and cultural events. In addition, many societies operated cooperatives, which allowed workers to pool their resources and collectively own and operate businesses such as bakeries and factories.
They predated trade unionism and were an essential element of Italian social life.
Background of Early Steamships
Circa 1840, the use of steam propulsion freed ships from their dependence upon the wind.
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